Men sitting on a wooden sidewalk
San Francisco. 1910. [Men sitting on wooden sidewalk, one Indian or South Asian man in turban.]
Letter from A.W. Mangum, Jr.
A letter dated September 8, 1907 from Adolphus W. Mangum, Jr. (1876-1924), a soil scientist working in the Puget Sound area, to his mother in North Carolina. Mangum describes his reaction to the Bellingham riot in great detail. A partial transcription reads as follows:
Mr. Shima (1914)
Produced in 1914, this 15-minute, black-and-white film captures the California estate of George Shima (born Kinji Ushijima, 1864-1924), one of the wealthiest Japanese-American farmers of the time. The film is unique in that it contains footage of several South Asian laborers on the farm, in two sections: "Migrant Laborers from India" (1:09-1:20), and "Onion Fields" (1:21-1:44).
"Body Is Cremated on Funeral Pyre" (1906)
An article from the November 3, 1906 edition of the Oregonian recording the alleged "first Hindoo funeral and cremation ever solemnized" in the United States. The funeral was held for Rauma Singh, who died in Astoria from consumption.
"The Heathen Invasion of America" (1911)
In this November 1911 article from the Current Literature, an unnamed author stirs fears of a "heathen invasion" in the U.S.
Girindra Mukerji, "The Hindu in America" (1908)
In "The Hindu in America," an article from the April 1908 issue of Overland Monthly, Girindra Mukerji, a student at the University of California, writes about the Indian presence in the U.S.. The editorial note also remarks on the 1907 riots in Bellingham, Washington.
Agnes Foster Buchanan, "The West and the Hindu Invasion" (1908)
In "The West and the Hindu Invasion," an article from the April 1908 issue of Overland Monthly, Agnes Foster Buchanan writes about the "Hindu Invasion" as the "latest racial problem" to impact the West coast, following the earlier migrations of Chinese and Japanese.
Present In All That We Do Present in All That We Do (2007) is a 58 minute-long documentary that connects the 1907 "Anti-Hindu" riot in Bellingham, Washington to contemporary struggles for immigrant rights in Whatcom County.